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PPAR subtypes determine distinct modes of action of phthalate esters (PAEs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in disrupting human macrophage alternative activation

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Phthalate esters (PAEs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous pollutants tied to metabolic and immune disorders. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway has been indicated to mediate their toxic effects, but the sp... ...