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Hooked by the tongue: buccal parasitism of Moenkhausia spp. (Ostariophysi: Acestrorhamphidae) by Paracymothoa astyanaxi (Isopoda: Cymothoidae)

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Parasite-host interactions are shaped by environmental and biological factors, leading to diverse host impacts ranging from tissue damage to physiological impairments. The Tocantins-Araguaia basin, particularly the Upper Rio Tocantins region, harbors remarkabl... ...