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Antioxidants, immunotoxicological, and histopathological impacts of polypropylene microplastics emitted from paper cups on Clarias gariepinus and the ameliorating role of Spirulina and recovery

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Fish are particularly vulnerable to microplastics (MPs), especially polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs), which are widely used and environmentally persistent. Despite their prevalence, little is known about their impact on fish immune systems. Thus, this stud... ...