Serum Interleukin-8 Levels Identify Non-Atrial Fibrillation Patients at Risk for Catheterization-Confirmed Diastolic Dysfunction: A Retrospective Cohort Study
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Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), confirmed by left heart catheterization, is the gold standard for diagnosing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). However, current noninvasive diagnostic tools may fail to detect early-stage LVD... ...
