Comparative Effect of Intravenous Ketamine and Tramadol on Hemodynamic Parameters, Pain, Sedation, and Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Undergoing Urological Surgery Under Spinal Anesthesia: A Triple-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial
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Background: Spinal anesthesia is widely used in urological surgeries but is often associated with hemodynamic instability, insufficient sedation, and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). While ketamine and tramadol have been... ...
