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Gram-Scale Synthesis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from Fructose Using Cerium Triflate and Choline Chloride at Atmospheric Pressure

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The selective conversion of renewable sugars into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) remains a major challenge in green chemistry due to side reactions and product instability. A simple and scalable protocol is reported for the gram-scale production of HMF from D-f... ...