Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation as a Semi-Active Control Condition in TMS Clinical Trials: Evidence From Heart-Brain Coupling and Clinical Outcomes
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The inertness of sham controls in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies, particularly those involving Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), remains controversial. Using heart-brain coupling (HBC) as a frontal-vagal engagement measure, w... ...
