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Heavy metal mixture induced hippocampal toxicity involve biometal accumulation, increase in oxidative stress, inflammation, and caspase-3 activation in rats via Nrf-2/HO-1/BDNF pathway

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Exposure to heavy metal mixtures HMM can elicit significant health risks due to their combined toxic effects. This study investigates the mechanisms of hippocampal toxicity associated with HMM exposure. Rats were exposed to lead (Pb) 20, aluminum (Al) 35 and m... ...