Effects of regular, glulisine, and aspart insulin on vascular endothelial growth factor and angiotensinogen expression in hyperglycemic retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs)
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Introduction: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss and is primarily driven by chronic hyperglycemia, which induces retinal vascular damage through mechanisms involving vascular endothelial growth factor (VE... ...
