Despite significant progress, malaria remains a public health problem in many regions, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This situation is partly explained by the mosquito's resistance to insecticides and the emergence of parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs. Indeed, in spite of the various vectors' controls, insecticide resistance emerges from multi-generational selection and poses worldwide concern. In parallel, artemisinin resistance unfortunately emerged independently in multiple countries in eastern Africa. Since 2014, artemisinin resistance has been observed in 6 countries in Africa and, more concerningly, the evidence from longitudinal molecular surveys in these countries suggests that it is spreading. While phenotypic evidence of treatment failure is still limited, the increasing reports of validated artemisinin resistance mutations are alarming. Unlike the emergence of artemisinin resistance in South-East Asia, our understanding of the genetic determinants of artemisinin resistance and our ability to sequence and map the spread of resistance are significantly greater. In addition to mosquito and parasite genetics affecting malaria evolution, many human individual variants have been identified that are associated with malaria protection, but the most important of all relates to the structure or function of red blood cells, the classical polymorphisms that causes sickle cell trait, α-thalassaemia, G6PD deficiency, and the major red cell blood group variants. In that biological complex context, there is a need to characterize the various genetic factors in Plasmodium falciparum, humans and mosquitoes that are potentially associated with resistance to antimalarial drugs and insecticides, and their involvement in the evolution, severity and transmission of malaria. In this direction, A comprehensive literature review was conducted to capture the objectives highlighted above. The advances in genomic surveillance and emerging genetic control strategies, such as gene drive technology were also considered in this review. We used search engines such as PubMed and Google scholar to retrieve articles useful to the objective of this paper and information on the knowledge of genetic factors and methods that contributed to malaria control were synthesized.

Keywords: Genetic factors; Malaria; Resistance; Review; Transmission.

© 2025. The Author(s).

尽管取得了显著进展，疟疾仍然是许多地区的公共卫生问题，特别是在撒哈拉以南非洲。这种情况部分原因是蚊子对杀虫剂的抗性和寄生虫对抗疟药物的耐药性。确实，尽管采取了各种媒介控制措施，但多代选择导致的杀虫剂抗性在全球范围内引起了关注。同时，不幸的是，在东非多个国家独立出现了青蒿素耐药性。自2014年以来，非洲已有6个国家观察到青蒿素耐药性，并且这些国家中进行的纵向分子调查表明该耐药性正在传播。尽管治疗失败的现象学证据仍然有限，但越来越多的有效验证的青蒿素耐药突变报告令人担忧。与东南亚地区出现的青蒿素抗性的起源相比，我们对导致青蒿素抗性的遗传决定因素的理解以及我们在测序和追踪抗药性扩散方面的能力要大得多。

除了蚊子和寄生虫基因组学影响疟疾演化外，许多人类个体变异已被识别为与疟疾保护相关，但最重要的所有变异都涉及红细胞的结构或功能。典型的多态性如镰状细胞性状、α-地中海贫血症、G6PD缺乏症以及主要红血球血型变体等。

在这一复杂的生物学背景下，有必要表征恶性疟原虫、人类和蚊子中与抗疟药物和杀虫剂耐药性相关的潜在遗传因素及其在疟疾演化、严重性和传播中的作用。为此，进行了全面的文献综述以捕捉上述目标。本回顾还考虑了基因组监测的进步以及新兴的遗传控制策略（如基因驱动技术）。我们使用PubMed和Google Scholar等搜索引擎检索对本文目标有用的论文，并总结了关于遗传因素的知识和方法，这些知识和方法有助于疟疾控制。

关键词：遗传因素；疟疾；耐药性；综述；传播。