We present a combination of field-scale sustainable intensification and end-of-farm circular practices to economically mitigate climate change and improve water sustainability of fresh tomato farms. The field-scale practices redesign the conventional geometry of plasticulture to a compact bed (2-10 cm taller, 10-35 cm narrower) to increase input use efficiency. Life cycle assessment showed that compact bed geometry reduced GHG emissions by 6.7 %-11.4 %, and reduced input costs by 5.7 %-12.0 % per kg tomato. The reduced width from compact beds creates extra space between beds allowing more tomato per area, intensifying the system. The intensified field design reduced the GHG emissions by 2.5 % for all bed geometries, with no impact on costs, while increasing land productivity by 15 %. To increase the nutrient circularity of the system, biomass from the end-of-farm detention ponds can be harvested, composted, and applied to the fields as an organic amendment, termed harvesting-composting. Harvesting-composting decreased GHG emissions by 4-21 %, depending on the vegetation. When compact beds, intensified field design, and harvesting-composting are combined, this intensified-circular system reduces GHG emissions by up to 32 % enabling the fresh tomato industry to meet 72 % of the 2030 US GHG reduction target and 75 % of the 2030 target set by the Paris Climate Accord. The intensified system reduces irrigation volume though increased use efficiency while reducing runoff/drainage volume by decreasing the plastic-covered impervious area. When circularity is added, it increases the treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus before leaving the farm. To enable the adoption of the intensified-circular system, payments for environmental services for improving water quality, sequestering carbon, and producing more sustainable products were evaluated, and all but the carbon-based payment was significant enough to be economically feasible. The intensified-circular system has the potential to reduce 47,530 Mt. of CO₂eq and increase farm revenue up to $186 million per year for the US tomato industry.

Keywords: Circular bioeconomy; Farm ponds; Greenhouse gas emissions; Life cycle assessment; Nutrient recycling; Payment for environmental services; Sustainable intensification.

Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.

我们提出了一种结合田间规模可持续集约化和农场末端循环经济实践的方法，以经济地缓解气候变化并提高新鲜番茄农场的水资源可持续性。田间规模的实践重新设计了传统塑膜栽培几何结构为紧凑床（高度增加2-10厘米，宽度减少10-35厘米），从而提高了投入使用效率。生命周期评估显示，紧凑床几何形状减少了温室气体排放6.7%-11.4%，并降低了每千克番茄的投入成本5.7%-12.0%。从紧凑床中减少的宽度在床之间创造了额外的空间，使得单位面积上的番茄数量增加，从而增强了系统集约化程度。集约化的田间设计减少了所有床几何形状的温室气体排放量2.5%，对成本没有影响，同时提高了土地生产率15%。

为了提高系统的养分循环性，可以从农场末端滞留池中收获生物质，进行堆肥处理，并将其作为有机改良剂施用于田地。这种做法被称为收割-堆肥化。收割-堆肥化减少了4%-21%的温室气体排放，具体取决于植被类型。当紧凑床、集约化的田间设计和收割-堆肥化相结合时，该集约化-循环系统可将温室气体排放减少高达32%，使新鲜番茄产业能够实现美国2030年温室气体减排目标的72%以及巴黎气候协定设定的2030年目标的75%。

为了启用这种集约化-循环系统的采用，评估了改善水质、固碳和生产更可持续产品等环境服务支付方案，并且除基于碳的支付外，所有支付都具有足够的经济可行性。该集约化-循环系统有望将美国番茄产业的二氧化碳当量排放减少47,530吨，同时每年增加农场收入高达1.86亿美元。

关键词：循环经济；农场池塘；温室气体排放；生命周期评估；养分回收；环境服务支付；可持续集约化。