A Systematic Review of Toxicity, Biodistribution, and Biosafety in Upconversion Nanomaterials: Critical Insights into Toxicity Mitigation Strategies and Future Directions for Safe Applications
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Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are emerging as highly promising nanomaterials due to their exceptional optical properties, enabling diverse applications in biosensing, bioimaging, photodynamic therapy, and drug delivery. However, their potential toxicity s... ...
