Impact of water vapor on stratospheric temperature after the 2022 Hunga Tonga eruption: direct radiative cooling versus indirect warming by facilitating large particle formation
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The unprecedented water vapor amount (WV, 150-160 Tg) injected by the 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai not only directly cooled the stratosphere, but also facilitated the formation and growth of sulfate particles, indirectly heating it. Here, we dev... ...
