In China, due to the rapid growth of the livestock and poultry farming industries, large amounts of manure are produced every year, which contains large amounts of heavy metals, and field application of this manure as fertilizer leads to the accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in soils. In this study, a pot experiment and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were used to study the soil chemical properties and bacterial community characteristics of the Chinese cabbage rhizosphere in purple soil, red soil and yellow soil under fertilizer (CF), chicken manure (CM) and pig manure (PM) application. Compared with the CK and CF, chicken manure (CM3 and CM6) and pig manure (PM3 and PM6) application significantly increased the soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM), Cu and Zn contents, with greater increases at higher application rates. There were no significant changes in the total and available Cd and Pb contents in purple soil, but the contents of these heavy metals significantly decreased in red soil and yellow soils. The application of fertilizer increased the Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb contents in the shoots of Chinese cabbage, while the trends of heavy metals contents differed by soil type and manure type under other treatments. PERMANOVA revealed that the application of chicken manure and pig manure significantly affected the bacterial community structure of the cabbage rhizosphere soil regardless of soil type (P = 0.001). Network analysis revealed that application of chemical fertilizers enhanced network complexity, whereas the opposite was true for application of chicken and pig manure, and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria increased by 1.69% ~ 6.21%, 2.41% ~ 5.41% and 5.65% ~ 12.12%, respectively. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that pH, SOM and Zn were the main factors affecting the bacterial communities in the rhizosphere soil. The response of rhizosphere bacteria to different soil types differed. A correlation heatmap revealed that Lysobacter and Sphingomonas were heavy metal-resistant strains. The effects of Cu and Zn on bacteria in different rhizosphere soils were quite different. This study provides a reference for the safe application of livestock manure to agricultural fields, and the results suggest that heavy metal-resistant strains can be used to assist in the remediation of HM-polluted environments.

Keywords: Bioconcentration and transfer; Heavy metals; Livestock manure; Rhizosphere bacteria.

© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

在中国，由于畜牧业和家禽养殖业的迅速发展，每年会产生大量的畜禽粪便，这些粪便中含有大量重金属。将这种粪便作为肥料施用于农田会导致土壤中重金属（HMs）的积累。本研究采用盆栽试验和16S rRNA基因测序技术，探讨了在中国紫色土、红壤和黄棕壤条件下，在化肥(CF)、鸡粪(CM)和猪粪(PM)应用下白菜根际土壤化学性质及细菌群落特征的变化情况。与对照组（CK）和化肥处理相比，施用鸡粪（CM3和CM6）和猪粪（PM3和PM6）显著提高了土壤pH值、土壤有机质(SOM)含量以及铜(Cu)和锌(Zn)的含量，并且施肥量越高增加幅度越大。在紫色土中，总镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)及可利用态Cd和Pb的含量没有明显变化，但在红壤和黄棕壤中这些重金属的含量显著降低。施用化肥增加了白菜植株中的Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb含量，在其他处理条件下不同土壤类型和粪肥种类下的重金属含量趋势有所不同。PERMANOVA分析表明，无论在何种土壤类型下，鸡粪和猪粪的应用均显著影响了白菜根际土壤细菌群落结构（P=0.001）。网络分析显示，化学肥料的使用增强了网络复杂性，而施用鸡粪和猪粪则相反。与对照组相比，变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度分别增加了1.69%~6.21%，2.41%~5.41%和5.65%~12.12%。冗余分析(RDA)表明，pH值、SOM和Zn是影响根际土壤细菌群落的主要因素。不同类型的土壤对根际细菌的响应有所不同。相关性热图显示Lysobacter和Sphingomonas为重金属抗性菌株。Cu和Zn对不同类型根际土壤中的细菌的影响差异很大。本研究为中国农业田间安全施用畜禽粪肥提供了参考，并且结果表明，可以利用重金属抗性菌株协助修复受污染的环境。

关键词：生物浓缩与转移；重金属；畜禽粪肥；根际细菌。