Background: Although there are numerous studies in the literature on the roles, methods used and attitudes of nurses in pain management, the factors related to the use of non-pharmacological methods (NPMs) are not well-documented.

Aim: This research aims to determine the factors related to the use of NPMs by intensive care nurses in Turkey.

Study design: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of 385 intensive care unit nurses. Data were collected by using the 'Sociodemographic Data Form', 'Non-Pharmacological Methods Form' and 'Pain Beliefs Questionnaire' (PBQ) between January-December 2022. Multiple multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with non-pharmacological methods. Pain management was categorized as pharmacological, non-pharmacological and both. The use of pharmacological methods (PMs) was taken as the reference category. The STROBE checklist was adhered to in this study.

Results: It was found that in pain management in the ICU, 33% used pharmacological methods, and 62.1% used both methods. The most frequent barriers experienced in the use of NPMs were 'heavy workload' (82.9%), 'inadequate time' (82.9%) and 'patients being unstable' (69.6%). Receiving pain management training increased the nurses' use of NPMs by 237% compared to pharmacological methods (RRR = 2.377, 95% CI = 1.200-4.707; p = .013). Regarding the barriers to the use of NPMs, 'the lower priority of NPMs compared to emergency practices (RRR=0.333, 95% CI=0.191-0.579; p=.000) and Deficiency in resources (materials and equipment)' (RRR = 0.454, 95% CI = 0.244-0.846; p = .013) decreased the use of NPMs. The Psychological Beliefs subscale of the PBQ increased the use of NPMs (RRR = 2.094, 95% CI = 1.152-3.803; p = .015).

Conclusion: Nurses should be provided with training on non-pharmacological methods as well as pharmacological methods in pain management, barriers to the use of non-pharmacological methods should be eliminated and psychological beliefs regarding pain should also be addressed.

Relevance to clinical practice: There is a need to solve the problems of lack of education, legal barriers and lack of resources in increasing the use of non-pharmacological pain methods by nurses in intensive care units.

Keywords: intensive care unit; non‐pharmacological methods; nurse; pain management.

© 2025 British Association of Critical Care Nurses.

背景： 尽管文献中有很多关于护士在疼痛管理中的角色、使用的方法和态度的研究，但与非药物方法（NPMs）使用的相关因素却未得到充分记录。

目的： 这项研究旨在确定土耳其重症监护病房护士使用非药物方法的相关因素。

研究设计： 这项描述性和横断面研究于2022年1月至12月期间，由385名重症监护室护士参与。通过“社会人口统计资料表”、“非药物方法表格”和“疼痛信念问卷（PBQ）”收集数据。使用多重多项逻辑回归分析来识别与非药物方法相关的因素。将疼痛管理分为药物性、非药物性和两者兼用三类，使用药物方法作为参考类别。本研究遵循了STROBE清单。

结果： 在ICU的疼痛管理中，33%的人使用药物方法，而62.1%的人同时使用两种方法。非药物方法使用的最常见障碍是“工作负荷重”（82.9%）、“时间不足”（82.9%）和“患者不稳定”（69.6%）。接受疼痛管理培训的护士比仅使用药物方法的护士更有可能采用非药物方法（RRR = 2.377，95% CI = 1.200-4.707；p = .013）。对于非药物方法使用的障碍，“与紧急实践相比非药物方法优先级较低”（RRR=0.333, 95% CI=0.191-0.579; p=.000）和“资源缺乏（材料和设备）”（RRR = 0.454，95% CI = 0.244-0.846；p = .013），这两种因素会减少非药物方法的使用。PBQ的心理信念子量表增加了对非药物方法的使用（RRR = 2.094, 95% CI = 1.152-3.803; p = .015）。

结论： 护士在疼痛管理中不仅需要接受药物方法的培训，还需要接受非药物方法的培训。消除使用非药物方法的障碍，并解决与疼痛相关的心理信念也很重要。

临床实践的相关性： 为了增加重症监护病房护士对非药物止痛方法的应用，必须解决教育不足、法律障碍和资源缺乏的问题。

关键词： 重症监护室；非药物方法；护士；疼痛管理。