This article discusses critical issues and opportunities going forward in nanotechnology environmental, health, and safety (nanoEHS) research from the perspective of Federal Government Agency participants in the United States (U.S.) National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) interagency Nanotechnology Environmental and Health Implications Working Group (NEHI). NEHI is responsible for coordination of Federal Science Agency nanoEHS research. As participants in NEHI, we examine these critical issues from an integrated, transdisciplinary perspective, noting examples of impactful research efforts that are advancing knowledge in these areas. Major themes identified include detection, measurement, and characterization of real-world nanomaterial exposures, understanding the biological transformation of nanomaterials and their potential (eco) toxicological implications, understanding the landscape of nanotechnology-enabled products in commerce, and advancing the EHS knowledge infrastructure related to nanomaterials and nanotechnology. Significant investments in nanoEHS research over two decades have led to establishment of a unique and diverse multidisciplinary, multisector community of practice. These investments must be leveraged and adapted not only to future nanotechnology, but also to use as a model for accelerating acquisition of safe and reliable risk information for tomorrow's emerging technologies for a more sustainable and competitive world.

本文从美国国家纳米技术计划（NNI）跨机构“纳米技术环境和健康影响工作组”（NEHI）的联邦政府机构参与者的角度，讨论了未来纳米技术环境、健康和安全（nanoEHS）研究中的关键问题和机会。NEHI负责协调联邦科学机构的nanoEHS研究。作为NEHI的成员，我们从集成跨学科的角度审视这些关键问题，并指出了一些具有影响力的科研项目，它们正在推动这些领域的知识进展。主要主题包括：实际纳米材料暴露的检测、测量和表征；理解纳米材料的生物转化及其潜在（生态）毒性影响；了解商业中的纳米技术产品格局；以及推进与纳米材料和纳米技术相关的EHS知识基础设施。过去二十年在nanoEHS研究上的重大投资已经建立了一个独特且多学科、跨领域的实践社区。这些投资不仅必须用于未来的纳米技术，还应作为模型，加速获取新兴技术的安全可靠风险信息，以实现更加可持续和具有竞争力的世界。