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Vacuolating Cytotoxin A (VacA) and Extracellular Vesicles in Helicobacter pylori: Two Key Arms in Disease Development

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived vesicles that play a critical role in host-pathogen interactions, facilitating intercellular communication and transporting both pathogen- and host-derived molecules during infection spread. To regulate their envir... ...