3D cryo-printed hierarchical porous scaffolds provide immobilization of surface-functionalized sleep-inspired small extracellular vesicles: synergistic therapeutic strategies for vascularized bone regeneration based on macrophage phenotype modulation and angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling
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Bone defect healing is a multi-factorial process involving the inflammatory microenvironment, bone regeneration and the formation of blood vessels, and remains a great challenge in clinical practice. Combined use of three-dimensional (3D)-printed scaffolds and... ...
