Urban natural spaces provide important ecosystem services and a wide range of health- and well-being-related benefits for their visitors. They are also essential spaces for biodiversity protection and promotion in a world of rising urbanisation rates and worsening impacts of climate change. However, these spaces are often underutilised by urban residents. When they are utilised, this usage often leads to some level of environmental degradation and biodiversity loss. Hence, understanding how to promote both use and biodiversity levels in urban natural spaces is critical. While various reports have studied the broad factors associated with urban natural space use, the specific relationship between biodiversity and use remains to be explored. This paper uses a Systems Thinking approach to unpack the complex relationship between urban natural space use and biodiversity and to help guide the design and management of these spaces in a way that promotes both use and biodiversity. With data collected from a systematic literature review, a causal loop diagram (CLD) was constructed and analysed. The CLD construction and analysis highlighted various key factors that play an important role in relating urban natural space use and biodiversity. Among these is the role of individual and social perceptions and values in determining how biodiversity levels will affect usage, and vice versa. The results were applied to a case study: the Thamesmead regeneration project undertaken by the social housing association Peabody. We made recommendations regarding Peabody's biodiversity and green infrastructure plans for Thamesmead, presenting new design and maintenance techniques and assessing various existing techniques mentioned in the documents. Through the CLD analysis, we uncovered various unintended consequences from common design and maintenance techniques and discuss these trade-offs and relationships.

Keywords: biodiversity; causal loop diagrams; natural space management; systems thinking; unintended consequences; urban natural space.

城市自然空间为访客提供了重要的生态系统服务以及广泛的健康和幸福感相关的益处。它们也是保护和促进生物多样性的关键场所，在城市化进程加速和气候变化影响加剧的背景下尤为重要。然而，这些空间往往被城市居民利用不足。即便有使用情况发生，这种使用也常常导致不同程度的环境退化和生物多样性丧失。因此，了解如何在提高利用率的同时保持生物多样性水平至关重要。虽然许多报告已经研究了与城市自然空间使用相关的广泛因素，但生物多样性和使用之间的具体关系仍然有待探索。本文采用系统思维方法来剖析城市自然空间使用与生物多样性之间复杂的相互关系，并帮助指导这些空间的设计和管理以促进两者共存。通过系统文献回顾收集的数据，构建并分析了一张因果循环图（CLD）。该图的构建和分析突出了若干在连接城市自然空间使用与生物多样性方面起关键作用的因素。其中包括个人和社会感知及价值观如何决定生物多样性水平将如何影响使用情况以及反之亦然。研究结果应用于一个案例研究：由社会住房协会Peabody实施的Thamesmead再生项目。我们针对Peabody为Thamesmead制定的生物多样性和绿色基础设施计划提出了建议，包括新的设计和维护技术，并评估了文件中提到的各种现有技术。通过CLD分析，我们发现了一些常见设计和维护技术带来的意外后果，并讨论这些权衡关系。

关键词： 生物多样性；因果循环图；自然空间管理；系统思维；意外后果；城市自然空间。