The evolution of Paleolithic stone tool technologies is characterized by gradual increase in technical complexity along with changes in the composition of assemblages. In this respect, the emergence of retouched-backed tools is an important step and, for some, a proxy for "modern" behavior. However, backed tools emerge relatively early and develop together with major changes in Middle-Upper Pleistocene stone tool technologies. We provide an updated review of the emergence and development of the "backing" concept across multiple chrono-cultural contexts and discuss its relationship to both the emergence of hafting and major evolutionary steps in the ergonomics of stone tool use. Finally, we address potential mechanisms of context-specific re-invention of backing based primarily on data from the late Middle Paleolithic of Western Europe.

Keywords: Levallois; Paleolithic; discoidal; ergonomics; hafting; technical innovations; tool backing.

© 2024 The Author(s). Evolutionary Anthropology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

旧石器时代石器技术的发展特点是技术复杂性的逐步增加以及遗址中遗物组成的变迁。在这方面，打制有倒角的工具出现是一个重要的步骤，并且对于一些学者来说，这是“现代”行为的一个代理指标。然而，倒角工具相对较早地出现，并与中更新世晚期至晚更新世早期石器技术的重大变化共同发展。我们提供了对多个年代-文化背景下的“倒角”概念的出现和发展进行的最新回顾，并讨论了它与绑柄技术和石器使用人体工学方面的重大进化步骤之间的关系。最后，我们基于来自西欧晚期中石器时代的数据，探讨了特定情境下重新发明倒角技术的潜在机制。

关键词：勒瓦娄哇；旧石器时代；盘状工具；人体工程学；绑柄；技术创新；石器倒角。

© 2024 The Author(s). Evolutionary Anthropology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.