The aim of the research was to investigate the influence of calcium phosphinate (HPCA) and aluminum phosphinate (HPAL) in synergistic systems with organophosphorus compounds, i.e., diphenylcresyl phosphate (CDP) and trichloropropyl phosphate (TCPP), on the thermal stability, flammability, smoke density, and emission of toxic gases during the thermal decomposition of polyurethane (PUR) foams. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), along with cone calorimetry and microcalorimetry, were used to assess the influence of fillers on the thermal stability and flammability of PUR foams. The analysis of toxic gas products was performed with the use of a coupled TG-gas analyzer system. The optical density of gases was measured with the use of a smoke density chamber (SDC). The obtained results showed an increase in thermal stability and a decrease in the flammability of the PUR composites. However, the results regarding smoke and gas emissions, as well as toxic combustion by-products, present ambiguity. On one hand, the applied flame retardant systems in the form of PUR-HPCA-CDP and PUR-HPCA-TCPP led to a reduction in the concentration of CO and HCN in the gas by-products. On the other hand, they clearly increased the concentration of CO₂, NOx, and smoke emissions. Microbiological studies indicated that the obtained foam material is completely safe for use and does not exhibit biocidal properties.

Keywords: PUR composites; fire hazard; fire retardants; organic phosphates; phosphinates; smoke emission; toxicometric index.

研究的目的是调查钙瞵酸盐（HPCA）和铝膦酸盐（HPAL）与有机磷酸酯化合物，即二苯基甲酚磷酸酯（CDP）和三氯丙基磷酸酯（TCPP），在协同系统中的影响对聚氨酯（PUR）泡沫热分解过程中热稳定性、可燃性、烟雾密度以及有毒气体排放的影响。使用热重分析（TGA）、锥形量热仪和微热量计来评估填料对PUR泡沫的热稳定性和可燃性的影响。有毒气体产物的分析是通过耦合TG-气体分析系统进行的。使用烟雾密度室（SDC）测量了气体的光学密度。获得的结果表明，PUR复合材料的热稳定性增加，而可燃性降低。然而，关于烟雾和气体排放以及有毒燃烧副产品的结果存在模糊性。一方面，以PUR-HPCA-CDP和PUR-HPCA-TCPP形式应用的阻燃系统导致气体副产物中CO和HCN的浓度降低。另一方面，它们明显增加了二氧化碳（CO₂）、氮氧化物（NOx）和烟雾排放的浓度。微生物学研究表明，获得的泡沫材料完全安全使用且不表现出杀生物性。

关键词： PUR复合材料；火灾危险；阻燃剂；有机磷酸酯；膦酸盐；烟雾排放；毒性指数。