Fluid Movement in the Apical Area Beyond the Ledge During Er:YAG Laser-Activated Irrigation: A Particle Image Velocimetry Analysis
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Objective: This study aimed to examine the irrigant flow generated by laser-activated irrigation (LAI), in comparison with ultrasonic-activated irrigation (UAI) and syringe irrigation (SI), in the area beyond the ledge using particle image velocimetry (PIV). B... ...
