Healthcare has often been 'weaponized' during armed conflicts, with parties to the conflict interfering with or violently attacking health facilities and personnel for their own strategic ends. In this exploratory study of the civil war in Nepal (1996-2006), by contrast, we look at a case in which both sides (with some exceptions) came to see it as in their interests to avoid targeting health facilities or deliberately disrupting healthcare delivery. Drawing on key informant interviews and documentary analysis, we identify four factors that appear to have contributed to the two sides making this choice: i) their interest in the continued functioning of the health systems (specifically, the need of the Maoists to access government-run facilities for treatment of their cadres, and the fact that Maoist healthcare provision ensured that at least some service delivery continued in areas under their control; ii) the fact that healthcare did not become an important 'ideological battleground' in the conflict; iii) the roles played by humanitarian and development organizations in shaping the behaviour of both the warring sides; and iv) the part played by health professionals in navigating the pressures on them and quickly mobilizing to resist more sustained attempts at interference with healthcare.

Keywords: Conflict; Maoism; Nepal; health; strategy; weaponization.