Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Produced by Osteoclasts Might Induce Intractable Pain in a Rat Spinal Metastasis Model of Breast Cancer
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Introduction: Causes of pain due to spinal metastases have been insufficiently investigated. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were the focus of this study. Both are known as proinflammatory cytokines ass... ...
