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Renal arteriovenous fistula induced by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy treated by retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy

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Renal arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a rare but potentially severe and life-threatening entity. It can occur after various invasive renal interventions, including resection of a localized renal tumor, renal biopsy, percutaneous renal surgery, and even blunt in... ...